U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Status:
First approved in 1992

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)


Conditions:

Terbinafine (brand name Lamisil, Terbisil, Terboderm and others) is an antifungal medication used to treat ringworm and fungal nail infections. Terbinafine inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase, an enzyme that is part of the fungal cell membrane synthesis pathway. Because terbinafine prevents the conversion of squalene to lanosterol, ergosterol cannot be synthesized. This is thought to change cell membrane permeability, causing fungal cell lysis. Many side effects and adverse drug reactions have been reported with oral terbinafine hydrochloride possibly due to its extensive biodistribution and the often extended durations involved in antifungal treatment (longer than two months).
Status:
Possibly Marketed Outside US
Source:
Canada:FLORFENICOL
Source URL:

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)


Conditions:

Florfenicol (Nuflor) is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol. Florfenicol is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus, for treatment of bovine interdigital phlegmon (foot rot, acute interdigital necrobacillosis, infectious pododermatitis) associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum, primarily bacteriostatic, antibiotic with a range of activity similar to that of chloramphenicol, including many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms; however, florfenicol does not carry the risk of inducing human aplastic anemia that is associated with chloramphenicol. It also has activity against some chloramphenicol resistant strains of bacteria, possibly because it is less affected by the major enzyme produced in plasmid-mediated bacterial resistance against chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Although the activity of florfenicol against obligate anaerobes is not addressed in the literature, it is likely to be quite effective. Antibiotic principle of Florfenicol is similar to that of chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol. Florfenicol inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 70S ribosomal 50S subunits of susceptible bacteria, leading to the inhibition of peptidyl transferase and thereby preventing the transfer of amino acids to extending peptide chains and subsequent protein formation. The bacterial receptor that is the site of action for florfenicol is also considered to be the same as that for chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. Florfenicol has a fluorine atom instead of the hydroxyl group located at C-3 in the structure of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. This prevents the acetylation of bacterial acetyltransferase in this site as to allow florfenicol to be less susceptible to deactivation by bacteria with plasmid-transmissible resistance that involves acetylation of the C-3 hydroxyl group in chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, and prevents their interaction with bacterial ribosomes.
Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is the acetate salt form of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid; it combines high anti-inflammatory effects with low mineralocorticoid activity. At high doses (e.g. 40 mg), it reduces the immune response. Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is indicated in adults for the treatment of symptomatic multiple myeloma in combination with other medicinal products. Dexamethasone has been shown to induce multiple myeloma cell death (apoptosis) via a down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB activity and an activation of caspase-9 through second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac; an apoptosis promoting factor) release. Prolonged exposure was required to achieve maximum levels of apoptotic markers along with increased caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Dexamethasone also down-regulated anti apoptotic genes and increased IκB-alpha protein levels. Dexamethasone apoptotic activity is enhanced by the combination with thalidomide or its analogues and with proteasome inhibitor (e.g. bortezomib).
Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is used in dentistry and orthodontics to clean and roughen the surfaces of teeth where dental appliances or fillings will be placed. In addition, this acid is a part of product ProcalAmine, which is indicated for peripheral administration in adults to preserve body protein and improve nitrogen balance in well-nourished, mildly catabolic patients who require short-term parenteral nutrition. In combination with dextrose (glucose) and levulose (fructose), phosphoric acid relieves nausea due to upset stomach from intestinal flu, stomach flu, and food or drink indiscretions. In addition, homeopathic product, Brain power contains also phosphoric acid and this product is used to temporarily relieve symptoms of general physical weakness and listlessness, including: fatigue; sore muscles & joints; dry skin; absence of sexual desire; occasional sleeplessness.